In this article, we’ll provide an introductory look at what you should consider if you’re looking to deploy robots on your factory floor. We hope this will help demystify the process for newcomers to automation and also serve as a handy reminder for those at a more advanced stage of their journey. Below, we’ll cover repetitive, well-structured pick-and-place applications since these are a typical first step.
Some pick-and-place tasks, like machine tending and palletizing, are specific enough to have specialized hardware and operator interfaces. Others, like part transfer and assembly, are simple enough that they can be built from scratch every time with modular hardware and intuitive code-free programming tools.
We’ll focus on the latter in this article, although the process generally applies to any robot pick-and-place application.
1. Gather specifications
Since you’ve already identified a process (pick-and-place), you’ll have ready access to most of the information needed. As a starting point, here are a few things to look out for when working with robots for pick-and-place:
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Part characteristics (weight, material, size, shape). Affects robot size and tooling type and design.
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Pick-to-place dimensions. Affects robot size.
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General dimensions and available space. Affects cell type.
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Speed, in parts-per-minute. Affects robot type and cell type with respect to safety.
2. Make assumptions
To narrow down the options, you’ll need to make some assumptions. Keep track of these, because if the end result does not meet your requirements, you’ll come back to this step to reevaluate your assumptions, make trade-offs, and iterate on your design.
Later, you’ll validate these assumptions through reach studies, partial or complete process simulations, and/or safety risk assessments. For now, it’s enough to think about whether you have any specific requirements to keep in mind while selecting your robot cell components.
Here are some common assumption types to get you started:
- Part flow to/from the cell
- Robot mounting location and orientation
- Acceptable safety and guarding
3. Select your cell configuration
Based on your process and the assumptions you just made, now’s the time to choose a robot cell configuration. This is closely tied to your application’s requirements for safe and appropriate human operability, which at this point are still assumptions.
Design is an iterative process, since certain outcomes can only become known once the entire system has been configured, so choose something based on your assumptions and don’t hesitate to come back to this stage with your new learnings.
Configuration |
Example |
Open concept with a power and force limitation |
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Open concept with speed and separation monitoring |
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Partially accessible with speed and separation monitoring |
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Fully enclosed with a safety-rated monitored stop |
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4. Select your robot
Robots come in many different types and sizes. You’ll want to consider:
- Power-and-force limited (collaborative) robots vs. traditional robots.
- Articulated vs. delta vs. SCARA robots.
- Payload capacity.
- Robot reach.
- Robot speed.
- Ease of programming.
To learn more, see this guide to the entire robot selection process: vention.io/blogs/four-considerations-for-purchasing-your-cobot
You can also shop robots on Vention online: vention.io/parts-library/category/robots
5. Select your robot base
The robot has to be physically supported by a rigid base that will not vibrate excessively at full-speed operation. There is a trade-off between system rigidity and cost, so you might decide to accept some vibration in the base and locate the part after placement using a more cost-effective system, like a pneumatic pusher.
However, since simple pick-and-place applications are not very demanding in terms of accuracy, you might not even need to worry about it. And if there are stringent requirements, you’ll probably need an external locating system anyway—whether mechanical, gravity-based, or vision-based—regardless of which base you choose.
Here are the most common robot mounting options:
- Pedestal
- Workstation
- Overhead
- Range extender (linear slide, vertical or horizontal)
Vention’s public design library is a great place to get inspiration:
Plus, if you’re looking to start designing a pedestal from scratch, here’s a handy reference on stability: vention.io/resources/guides/calculating-the-stability-of-your-robot-base
A robot without tooling is like an arm without a hand. Tooling refers to end-of-arm tooling (EOAT): the actuator that mounts on the flange at the end of the robot, and that directly interfaces with the parts.
There are two main classes of EOAT: pneumatic and electric. If you have easy access to compressed air, a pneumatic gripper is often more cost-effective and lighter than an electric one, leaving the robot with more payload capacity.
On the other hand, pneumatic grippers do not have force-limiting functions and can pose a real pinching hazard. That’s why electric grippers might be a better choice if your application is collaborative or power- and force-limited.
In any case, whether they’re actuated pneumatically or electrically, here are the main types of EOAT for pick-and-place applications.
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Type
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Good for
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Underactuated |
- Larger parts.
- Larger min/max stroke range.
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Parallel 2-finger |
- Outside or inside gripping.
- Higher-speed applications.
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Parallel 3-finger |
- Cylindrical parts.
- Outside or inside gripping.
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Soft finger |
- Irregular part shapes.
- Soft packaging.
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Suction cup(s) |
- Flat surfaces (preferably non-porous material).
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Foam |
- Flat surfaces (preferably non-porous material).
- A larger range of part sizes and types, compared to suction cups. (The foam conforms to items and does not need to a tight seal, but it consumes more air than the cups do.)
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Magnetic |
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7. Consider safety
Safety is an essential part of any industrial robot cell. It’s rare for a production line to be completely “lights out”—without any human operation or interaction—so safety approaches must be carefully considered.
Safety selection is directly linked to robot cell configuration, which we’ve covered in step 3, so here we’ll take a closer look at each safeguarding method.
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Type
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Good for
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Hard guarding |
- High-speed applications.
- Sharp-object applications.
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Light curtains |
- Small spaces, where there might not be room to add a wall.
- Maintaining ease-of-access (as opposed to doors or walls).
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Laser area scanners |
- Speed and separation monitoring for fenceless configurations, whereby the robot is made to slow-down or stop as a function of how close an operator is to the robot workspace.
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E-stop module |
- Always required in any automation project; often directly built-in on the teach pendant available from the robot manufacturer.
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Important: None of these safeguarding devices are enough to guarantee cell safety. You must always conduct a proper risk assessment. You can’t sign off on a risk assessment until you have the actual physical machine, but it’s good practice to have an advanced draft during the design phase so you can mitigate potential risks through design changes. Below are the most relevant standards and reports for robot systems.
RIA number
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Name
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ISO Number
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RIA TR R15.306 |
Task-Based Risk Assessment Methodology |
ISO 12100 |
RIA R15.06 |
Industrial Robots and Robot Systems- Safety Requirements |
ISO 10218-1 and ISO 10218-2 |
RIA TR R15.606 |
Technical Report - Industrial Robots And Robot Systems - Safety Requirements - Collaborative Robots |
ISO/TS 15066 |
RIA TR R15.406 |
Safeguarding |
ISO 13855 |
8. Validate
Before buying all the equipment, you’ll want to do some form of validation to make sure you’ll get the expected performance. Below are some typical tests and corresponding tools.
What to validate
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Why? (To ensure that the…)
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How (tool or method)
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Structure |
Structure will hold the load of the robot and its maximal forces. |
Deflection calculator or full FEA (finite element analysis). |
Robot reach |
Robot has sufficient length to reach all the points it needs to. |
MachineBuilder. |
Gripper |
End-of-arm tool can consistently grip all parts. |
Physical test. (Although in most cases, you can get enough info from the gripper specs.) |
Cycle time |
Desired throughput in parts-per-minute will be reached. |
MachineLogic, or offline programming tools offered by the robot’s manufacturer. |
Safety |
Robot cell meets all safety requirements. |
Risk assessment (see step 7 above). |
More info
As a handy reference for your first robot pick-and-place project, here’s a list of all the Vention resources we linked to above.